[145], The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor Edward Bransfield, a captain in the Royal Navy, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. Cross the Drake Passage. [1], Geologists primarily study plate tectonics, meteorites, and the breakup of Gondwana. [19] Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves, a process described by ice-sheet dynamics. [1] There are over 70 permanent and seasonal research stations on the continent; the largest, United States McMurdo Station, is capable of housing more than 1,000 people. During the colder Neogene (172.5Ma), a tundra ecosystem replaced the rainforests. Garima Bahl. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. [10] Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. By 1959, 12 countries came together to create the 1959 Antarctica Treaty: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R. (Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Chalkidiki, Greece. The Roman authors Gaius Julius Hyginus and Apuleius used for the South Pole the romanised Greek name polus antarcticuscode: ell promoted to code: el ,[6] from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern ple antarctiquecode: fra promoted to code: fr ) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik, found first in a treatise written by the English author Geoffrey Chaucer. Altogether they staff anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 people during winter and summer, respectively. Two others - the United States and the Russian Federation - have. Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. In the age of globalization and new technologies it is significant to know geography of other countries especially their capitals. Ognia. 10 Most Beautiful And Amazing Airports In The World ! [160], During the Nimrod Expedition led by the British explorer Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. Let us know more about the continent. Go Kayaking. Asia includes 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent, the 60% of the total population of the Earth live here. So, what countries are in Antarctica if any? How many countries in Antarctica continent No Countries, but 7 nations want a piece Seven nations from around the globe lay claim to different parts of the continent. [54], The geology of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet,[55] is being revealed by techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, and satellite imagery. [15] During the summer, the ice at the edges of the lakes can melt, and liquid moats temporarily form. The treaty went into effect in 1961 and had been signed by 54 nations as of 2021. They are relatively easy to find, as the dark stone meteorites stand out in a landscape of ice and snow, and the flow of ice accumulates them in certain areas. This organism is known for its tolerance to extreme conditions and is mainly used in experiments that simulate space conditions. With so many different fields requiring a decent amount of regulation in order for all these countries to coexist and focus on science rather than causing conflicts, the need arose for an all-encompassing system to fulfill that role. This picture is taken from the area where I went to high school. Best Answer. [94] The continent is losing mass due to the increased flow of its glaciers toward the ocean. Let the world have at least one completely demilitarized zone where scientists from all over the globe can come together for the betterment of humankind. [207] Astrophysicists at the AmundsenScott South Pole Station study cosmic microwave background radiation and neutrinos from space. Nearly all of Antarctica's surface is covered by ice to an average depth of 1.9km (1.2mi; 6,200ft). Send a message vThe United States, Peru, Russia, and South Africa have all reserved their right to claim territory in the future. Seven nations have territorial claims in Antarctica: France (Adlie Land), United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land), Australia (Australian Antarctic Territory), Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory), and Argentina (Argentine Antarctica). Antarctica is the largest desert in the world. [195] Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol;[196] the self-regulatory body for the industry is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. [126], Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton. [211][note 8], Coordinates: 90S 0E / 90S 0E / -90; 0, This article is about the continent. that the Antarcticcan only be used for peaceful purposes, no fortifications,military manoeuvres and no weapon testing. [96] A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatonnes (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but accelerated to an average of 220Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. Biologists, in addition to researching wildlife, are interested in how low temperatures and the presence of humans affect adaptation and survival strategies in organisms. Territorial claims in Antarctica include all lands and each and every ice shelf under the 60th parallel south, or it is at least how the Antarctic Treaty deals with the aforementioned claims. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. [35], The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. The Antarctic Treaty which came into force in 1961 is now signed by 53 countries. [116] Leopard seals are apex predators in the Antarctic ecosystem and migrate across the Southern Ocean in search of food. Antarctica is not broken up into countries, or capitals. Countries and dependencies of the world in alphabetical order from A to Z and by letter, showing current population estimates for 2016, density, and land area It consists of around 5,500 digital optical modules, some of which reach a depth of 2,450m (8,040ft), that are held in 1km3 (0.24cumi) of ice. [29] For a large proportion of the Phanerozoic, Antarctica had a tropical or temperate climate, and it was covered in forests.[30]. The Antarctica Treaty of 1959 was signed by twelve countries: the United Kingdom was the first to sign the treat followed by Argentine, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United States of America and The Soviet Union/ Russia. Permanent stations are those that run all year round. [82], Sea ice extent expands annually during the Antarctic winter, but most of it melts in the summer. If youre planning the vacation of a lifetime, theres no better option than sunny Barcelona. 1400-1600)-language text, Articles containing Old English (ca. [1] Despite these regulations, illegal fishingparticularly of the highly prized Patagonian toothfish which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.remains a problem. [56] Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the South American Andes. There is great diversity between the sizes of each and we can find the small Vatican (0.44 km 2 ), Monaco (0.44 km 2 ), San Marino (61.2 km 2 ), Liechtenstein (160 km 2 ) and the Principality of Andorra (468 km 2 ). COUNTRY: BASE NAME (Bold type . The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are then subjected to higher temperatures, which accelerate the melting of the ice. Whether youre starting your day off with delicious vegan OK, youve been saving up your cash and now youre ready to go to Asia to chill, eat some killer food, relax, and maybe Europes Best Airline 2011-2016 and 18th best airline in the world in 2018 according to Skytrax rating, Turkish Airlines still raises the question of 6 Under-the-Radar Caribbean Islands to Visit, Happiness, Mapped: 5 Places in The United States That Make This Scandinavian Smile, 4 Spooky Spots to Visit This Halloween in the US, Things I Noticed Have Changed in Norway Since Last Time I Visited, 8 Things to Do in Georgetown, South Carolina, 4 Things I Saw at a Country Flea Market in America Last Week, How to Find Extremely Cheap Last Minute Flights. [86] The loss of ice shelf "buttressing" has been identified as the major cause of ice loss on the West Antarctic ice sheet, but has also been observed around the East Antarctic ice sheet. How Many Countries in Europe As of 2020, there are 45 countries in the continent of Europe. It is one of the world's coldest and driest placestemperatures there may reach as low as 90C (130F), and the annual precipitation is 13cm (0.391.18in). [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. [185], Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. [25] There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. [87], In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. [103] Models suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. A little-known fact about Antarctica is that it is the largest desert on Earth. There have been few scientific studies conducted in the area. The region has been claimed by the British as part of the British Antarctic Territory since 1962. From outside the United States: 1-202-501-4444. Ethiopia, the hottest country in the world, is located in Africa. Australia. All but a small portion of the region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. Contact Us As of April 2010, 17 additional nations (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland . [125] A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, and a lack of moisture and sunlight inhibit plant growth, causing low species diversity and limited distribution. [72] In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and desiccated landscape. Also, even though the military is prohibited from operating on the continent unless theyre helping the scientific staff, Chile and Argentina are maintaining a constant military presence. British explorers were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorers. [84] The average extent of sea ice around Antarctica has changed little since satellites began to observe the Earth's surface in 1978; which is in contrast with the Arctic, where there has been rapid sea ice loss. [173][174], The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl, Solveig Gunbjrg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913. Claims generally come from explorers who visited between the 19th century and 20th century. Antarctica, including all territorial claims by sovereign states, is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes. 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